Human Resource Management Literature review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Human Resource Management - Literature review Example An organization manages its talent through the HR and this is how both HR and talent management are linked. HR has a responsibility of ensuring that the employees work for the achievement of the organizational goals. In order to manage the organizations talent, HR needs to come up with effective employee policies, etc (BRATTON, J., & GOLD, J. 2000; CHEESE, P., THOMAS, R. J., & CRAIG, E. 2008) There are different scholarly studies that discuss about the role of HR in the talent management and the organizational performance. One of the studies discusses about the different phases that occurred during the development of the theory of HR and performance. There are basically five phases that took place during the development of the theory of HR. The beginning phase was when the HR was actually associated with the performance of the company. There was a link made between the HR practices and the strategies of the businesses. The second phase was empiricism, when statistical surveys were us ed to support the development of the theory of HR. The phase was successful in establishing a positive relation between the HR and the organizations performance. ... The study links this theory to the current role of the HR. It also discusses about the challenges faced by the HR theory. The scope of the theory is too narrow. It argues that the workforce motivation and commitment are an important aspect of the increasing sophistication. It states that keeping in mind the respective workforce HR managers need to come up with the best practices to have the most positive outcomes and to have the greatest impact on performance. The study has some loopholes. It does not suggest how the HR managers can come up with good practices. It does not suggest exactly what models and research methods should be used to understand the impact of HR theory on the performance. It also does not suggest ways of talent management to bring out the best out of employees (GUEST.D 2010) Another study was conducted which focused on the Human Resource Management and the Corporate Performance in the UK. The study basically focused on that how human resource management can help the corporations to achieve competitive advantage through its workforce. It shows a clear relationship between the human resource management and performance but the study fails to establish the level of extent to which the HRM results in a higher performance of the corporations. During the course of this study it was found out that greater use of HR practices results in lower labor turnover higher profit contribution per employee but it does not ensure a greater productivity of the employees. There were 366 UK based companies that were studied by the researchers to establish the above results (GUEST.D, MICHIE.J, CONWAY.N & SHEEHAN.M 2003) Talent management is the most important aspect of the HR

Zora Neale Hurston and Her Contributions Essay Example for Free

Zora Neale Hurston and Her Contributions Essay As stated earlier, among the many prominent African American writers that proliferated during the Harlem Renaissance is Zora Neale Hurtson. Her autobiography tells us that it was her mother that urges her to â€Å"jump at de sun, we might not land on the sun but at least we could get off the ground†. On one hand, her father would brainwash her that it won’t do any good for a Negro to have a high spirit for the whites can’t just stand it. Her father even anticipated that Zora’s going to get hanged before she grows old. Her father maybe depicted as passive participant in the Black’s struggle for social liberation. However, it is claimed that he was just inculcating the idea of Southern Survival in his children (Hemenway 14). As a child, she lived a comfortable life at least when her mother was still alive. Her childhood was a relatively peaceful, calm, and wealthy life in a non-racist black community of Eatonville. It was the first all-black American community that was self-governed. It is a community where traditional black American culture survived and flourished. See more: Mark Twains humorous satire in running for governor essay It was said that Eatonville did not prepare Hurtson of the racist America and it was only when she transferred to Jacksonville that she realized there was a thing called racism (Witcover 27). Upon the death of her mother she was sent to Florida to go to school with a brother and a sister, Jacksonville is the very place that she learned that she was â€Å"colored. † When she was no longer supported by her father, she resorted in accepting different jobs such as a maid for the whites and a receptionist among others. Moreover, she worked as a waitress and attended school at Morgan Academy. Later on, she attended Howard Prep to prepare herself for the best university for the blacks in the United States. She continued to read voraciously during these times of her life. Finally, she published her first story in the literary magazine of the school entitled â€Å"John Redding Goes to Sea†. She was discovered by Charles Spurgeon Johnson to write in the Opportunity Magazine. She agreed and submitted her short stories namely â€Å"Drenched in Light†, â€Å"Spunk†, and a play entitled â€Å"Color Struck†. Johnson saw the potential and power in her works that he invited her to go to come to New York and â€Å"make a name for herself (Campbell 2-3). † Opportunity was a major voice in the Harlem Renaissance and her contributions were highly sought by the publishers (Witcover 16). Upon arriving in New York, the Harlem Renaissance is its full swing. in Harlem, there were a number of promising writers, painters, sculptors, musicians, and politicians that are engaged in activities that aimed for the liberation of African Americans against the white supremacy. These activities have been considered as â€Å"unrivaled† in the history of the United States. Among these writers are Hurston, Hughes, Cullen, Mckay. While they are not the first Black American writers that made its way to American literature, they were the first ones â€Å"to be conscious of themselves as black writers who believed that the bridge between the white and the black races depended upon the arts†. Because of their great pride in their black heritage, they established traditions that were followed by other prominent subsequent African American writers in the United States such as Toni Morrison, Alice Walker, and James Baldwin (Campbell 3). Her writings are obviously chronicles of the black life, most specifically the lives of the working and the lower-class people in the rural South in the United States. Her works stand along the vast and rich documentary sources of the black experiences from labor to culture. However, what’s unique with Hurtson’s literary contributions is that unlike her detractor’s way of portraying the blacks which view them vis-a-vis the whites, Hurtson’s style involves the portrayal of the blacks â€Å"in their own terms. † While oppression against the black is palpable during that era and is one of the favorite themes written by most African American writers, Hurtson chose to do away from oppression. She chose to represent and portray what and the blacks are doing and not what is done to them by their oppressors and tormentors. Her style zoomed in to the very nature of black life and examined them as black people that are capable of asserting their identities. Furthermore, her style allowed her to dissect every bit and parcel of the inner world of the African American life which aimed for one and only important thing: self-determination among the blacks (Plant 43). Hurtson depicted the beauty of the black culture by incorporating the experiences of the black people that were considered the underbelly of the black life. She manipulated the white patronage of Harlem Renaissance to her advantage. She is being criticized by her male contemporaries as being primitive in her portrayal of the American life for she has adhered to the stereotypes of black people that the Whites propagated. However, Hurtson also highlighted her criticism towards these perceived conception of the Whites towards the Blacks for she believed that they are incapable of becoming a custodian of the black culture. Moreover, apart from being a place of racial discrimination, Hurtson regarded the South as a place of â€Å"cultural creativity, family, and religion, where everyday life was lived with integrity in the midst of struggle against racial oppression (Patterson 10). † She believes in the experiences of the Southern Blacks as a rich subject in the arts and literature. Each Negro has the right to self-identity despite racist ideologies. This can be done by exploring the complex culture of Southern black towns, and discuss the every day life of black workers, black wives, and black children. Her emphasis on the experiences of the Southern blacks makes her portrayal of the African-American life even more real (Patterson 12-13). Eatonville is the most important geographic landmark in most of her short stories and novels. It was the town where she grew up and her father serving as a mayor. As a child, she grew up hearing stories in the porch of Joe Clarke’s, both the porch and the stories are retold by Hurtson in her fiction (Campbell 15). When it comes to the characters of her short stories and novels, they â€Å"are not only heroic, often fighting great odds, but they also demonstrate growth. [†¦] Hurtson’s protagonists are always in a state of becoming. They became capable of looking inside themselves in order to discover thei place in the world around them. Often they struggle against what they should become (Campbell 14). † For instance, â€Å"Sweat† is a story of a typical Negro life in Eatonville as many of her stories setting. It chronicles the experiences of Delia and her marriage to her husband Sykes. Their married life has always been in a downhill. At the onset, Delia has always been tortured and abused by Sykes. Secondly, Sykes has been seeing other women and has been maintaining a concubine. While it was Delia who sweated and earned for their survival, Sykes was still very ungrateful. He even plotted to kill her and get rid of her so he can live in her house with her concubine. In the end, he failed and Delia was able to take avenged against his abuses and tortures. On a deeper level, it romanticizes the theme of male domination over women and the feminine power that transcends all kinds of struggles. It highlights the strength of a woman through Delia’s ability to support herself and her husband despite his infidelity and brutality against her. This is just a mundane story of the Negros in a black community. It doesn’t in any way talk about oppression done by the whites. It just talks about two characters that are authentic in themselves that can stand as an embodiment of a typical Negro life. This is Hurtson’s way of asserting the African-American identity beyond any comparison and approximation of the superiority of the Whites. This is Hurtson’s way inculcating self-determination among the African-Americans who for a long time thought of themselves as subordinate to the Whites and the Europeans. By celebrating their experiences as unique, the blacks were able to believe in the beauty of their heritage and to find joy in their identities. Apart from being a black writer that is obviously aware of the African American’s sensibilities regarding black oppression and subordination, she is also an anthropologist. As Hemenway noted, Anthropology is an advantage for Zora for her to understand her deeper cultural roots. Her experiences of African American life plus her great understanding of the nature of their traditions and practices made her portrayal of the black experiences more poignant and authentic. In a particular instance, she understood the â€Å"richness and mutilayered meanings of the oral tradition† and â€Å"the creativity and imagination of black language and story telling (Campbell 4). † As a student of Franz Boa, Hurtson learned to appreciate and see the cultural wealth and legacy of her community more fully. By her skill, knowledge, and understanding of the nuances of African American, she strived to prove that the native Black Americans experiences and arts has both genius and authenticity that is traceable to the Africans and not the Westerns. Her fieldworks armed her with all the needed knowledge to prove to the Whites and the elitist Black Americans that their deeply-rooted culture is beyond to what the Whites has imposed on the Blacks (Plant 41). Her writings are best known as folklorism. In this style of writing, one exhibits the peculiarities of their cultures and traditions (Grinker 390). In her stories, Hurtson incorporates myths, legends, customs, practices and allegories that are uniquely and authentically African-Americans regardless of the Western’s criticism of their practices as backward. It is Hurston’s way of asserting Black’s way of life in its purest form. Apart from being a brilliant writer and chronicler of the Black’s experiences, Hurtson’s writings are also concern with the struggle of women in their search for emancipation against the issues of gender and race. She acknowledged the violence that is present among the lives of African American women but at the same time she criticizes the male domination that caused this violence. This was a â€Å"bold position† during those times where only a few writers like Hurtson can do among many other African – American writers (Patterson 8). She obstructed the perceived notion of women as oppressed and helpless as commonly portrayed in American Literature. She is known for her depiction of nonstereotypical black women such as rendering them as strong and courageous. As seen in the abovementioned example, Delia was the victor from the beginning up to the end. While she is being tortured and beaten up by her husband, she survived. While she is being emotionally battered by her husband, she endured. While she is being threatened to death by her husband, she avenged herself. Another example would be Janie in Their Eyes Are Watching God is one of the earliest American women â€Å"to develop cultural and personal identity (Champion 166). † However, this feminist stance of Hurtson was not immediately recognized during the period. Her intellectual ideologies have been given little attention at the time for the reason that there was still a palpable exclusion of Black women’s thoughts in the intellectual discourse of that era (Plant 2). She has been criticized by Richard Wright as having no interest in serious fiction. He said that Hurtson just continued to propagate the tradition that was forced upon the Negroes in her stories and novels which makes the Whites laugh. Wright wrote about blacks that resist the supremacy of the Whites but then Hurtson is the opposite. She wrote about the nakedness of the Blacks in such a beautiful manner and in such a colourful manner. The Black people’s nakedness, according to her, is not something that should be suppressed and forgotten. She believes that it should be accepted as part of the frontier spirit that defines each African American in a black community (Patterson 33-34). Her â€Å"ultimate moral stance is not only to absolve whites, past and present, of any wrong doing, but also to claim some value in the experience of enslavement†. She emphasized the fact that despite â€Å"the cruelty and moral wrong of slavery†, the Blacks still maintain a materially, intellectually, morally, and religiously strong and hopeful condition. Her writings do not dwell in the cruelties of the past and the cruelties of slavery and enslavement among the Blacks, she focused in the present, and celebrated the character that the Blacks developed and adopt in the course of the oppression. She wrote on how their lives have become after the enslavement and how they have maintained their culture in tact and unique among any other nation. She created some distance in the past that made a room in the understanding of the present. Too much contemplation in the past is a hindrance to the Black’s Present endeavours. The idea is to â€Å"settle for from now on (Plant 41). † Hurtson was able to â€Å"resist and subvert cultural hegemony because of a powerful worldview†. This is traceable to her individualistic worldview Washington’s theory of self-help, industry, and personal responsibility; her anthropological study under Franz Boas and Ruth Benedict among many others. All these contribute to an unwavering philosophy of individualism that help her survive the palpable racism bombarded towards the Blacks. These are also the contributing factors that developed her strength and will to resist negative controlling images and overcome Anglo-American hegemony. Her individualistic stance enabled her to engender an autonomous self that is necessary in the negotiation of hostilities in the community that she lived in along with all other African-Americans in the United States (Plant 4) Her philosophy of individualism is deeply rooted from the African-American folk ethos as a â€Å"fundamental site of resistance. † She understood the importance of the African American culture’s role in the emancipation of the African American people as an individual and as a community. She emphasized the idea of cultural survival as an important ingredient liberation and cultural appreciation as an important process in decolonization among the African Americans. She believed that the answer towards liberation lies in the African American culture and traditions themselves. To reclaim the Black life is to resist the Anglo-American domination and this can only be done by romanticizing the importance self-definition and self-emancipation among the Blacks (Plant 4).

Sociologists definition of religion

Sociologists definition of religion Even tough sociologists dont have a true definition of religion, they all generally believe that it is a belief in some sort of supernatural. Sociologists such as Functionalists, Marxists Feminists believe that religion is a conservative force, meaning that it inhibits changes within society and maintains the status quo. However, where Functionalists see this as a good thing, Marxists look at it from a more negative aspect. Other sociologists like Neo-Marxists, Marx Weber, and McGuire .. believe religion to be a source of change. The functionalist Emile Durkheim (1912) believed that religion is central to the reproduction maintenance of social order in societies. He argued that the main function of religion is to socialize societies members into a value consensus, by setting shared beliefs, rituals and sacred objects apart. He did an investigation on the role of religion, in a small tribal community in Australia; The Aborigines. He found that the members of this community worshipped sacred objects; objects that are things that are set apart forbidden, which evoke feelings of awe, respect deference, holy things. These objects, called Totems, were a symbol, -usually a plant or animal-, by which the tribes distinguished themselves from one another. In worshiping these sacred objects, individuals would obtain an identity and social membership (or collective consciousness), because they shared the same beliefs, values, traditions norms, that make social life possible. Durkheim stated that in worshipping a societys symbols, its members are unconsciously worshipping their society of which they are a part. According to Durkheim, these unifying practices and beliefs bind people closely together because it forms a balanced and solid moral community, which is a means of protecting individuals from anomie, alienation and other threats. This solidarity also gives individuals the confidence continuing motivation to face up life and ask for social support from other members whenever needed. This strengthens social solidarity, or collective consciousness in society- the sense of belonging somewhere. This is why Durkheim sees religion as conservative and inhibiting social change, which is desirable because its functional and people dont want to change anything about their ways of life. Durkheim was praised a lot for the ways he had done his research because he managed to keep an objective distance of a sociologist, and therefore made it his task to understand the functions of religion, and not to pass his judgements. Also, his argument that the sacred is a symbol of group values has been recognized by many, as in history, people have rallied to flags, crucifixes and holy scriptures. However, his research might be said to be somewhat out of date, as he took his analysis from pre modern societies, and it has to be asked how relevant his theory is in todays western societies. Also, because Durkheim never visited the aboriginal society himself, his methodology was said to be flawed. Some say that he misunderstood Totemism, ad generalized about other societies based on one small Aboriginal society. Durkheims theory on religion was ground breaking and very influential, inspiring much further research. The functionalist Bronislav Malinowski (1954) agreed with Durkheim on all the points he made about the role of religion. However, he focussed on the specific areas of social life with which religion is concerned, and managed to point out that another function of religion is to provide support for societys members in situations of social stress, like birth, death, marriage, divorce etc., where religion serves to reduce anxiety tension resulting, which threaten to disrupt social life. In this sense, religion keeps society stable at times of individual and societal confusion and disorder and makes sure that people dont reject the shared norms, values and traditions due to times of hardship. An example would be after the 2004 Great Indian Ocean Tsunami, where most of the worlds religions sent support teams to the disaster area helped to rebuild the place. They wanted to rebuild schools as fast as possible in particular, to maintain the important link between society, education religion. Unlike Durkheim, Malinowski actually went and lived in the society where his work was based on, gaining primary data. This is seen as a very positive thing, because no accusations of his work being flawed could be made. Also, his idea about how religion helps in time of crisis uncertainty can be seen in todays society e.g. the funeral of Princess Diana, where people gathered together expressed their grievance. However, like Durkheim, he makes broad generalizations based on his study of just one small scaled society, which obviously does not represent life in modern western society. The functionalist sociologist Talcott Parson (1965) believed that religion was a conservative force, because its the primary source of meaning for members of society. It provides answers to eternal questions dealing with death, the evil, suffering and justice. Often these questions appear to be unjustified, and therefore they might threaten to undermine peoples faith. However, religion provides answers; e.g. for the question why do evil people prosper religion might give the answer that these evil people will get punished for their deeds in the afterlife etc. By providing these answers, religion helps to make sense of all experiences, which keeps society in order and stable, therefore inhibiting changes. So, religion promotes social stability rather than change, by relieving tension frustration that could disrupt social order. However, Marxists would strongly disagree with this idea, as they believe that by focussing on the afterlife, people passively accept exploitation. Marxism is a conflict theory. Like functionalist, they believe that religion is a conservative force, but they dont see it from a positive view. According to these sociologists, religion is an institution of domination oppression, and a means of social control, inhibiting changes in the social class inequalities in society. They argue that religion legitimizes social inequality, keeping the working classes in a state of false consciousness, not being aware of the true nature of their exploitation passively accepting their lower status. This is because, according to Marx, religion acts as the opium of the people -it works as a pacifying drug-, as it doesnt solve any problems that people may have, but only dulls the pain, as people inactively put up with their sufferings, believing its Gods will and so unchangeable, remaining in a state of false consciousness, thinking they will be rewarded in heaven. Marxists on the whole believe religion creates passive individuals, who do not attempt to change the world for the better, but simply accept spiritual alternatives. The fact that Marxists believe that man makes religion, religion does not make men sums up their ideas. In other words, if an individual is alienated exploited, he or she is likely to turn to religion and find the answers there. This is the reason why most religions originate in the oppressed classes (the working classes), as they have a need in religion, to gain a sense of renewed strength and confidence to move on with life. According to Marxists, the ruling classes are using religion as a tool to maintain ideological control, making it less likely that the members of the working class will recognize the fact that they are being exploited therefore revolt in this way, religion is seen as a conservative force. Marxist have gained theoretical support from feminists because they agree with Marxists about the fact that religion causes conflict, passing on negative norms and values to members of society, although they believe these deal with gender inequality rather than class inequality. However, a negative aspect of the Marxist view is that they ignore secularization, as the ideological power of religion has been undermined by the fact that people in society tend to be less religious today than in the past. Also, they are too deterministic in saying that religion is a conservative force for social class inequalities. Religion can be a force for social change, and it has done so in the past, improving the lives of millions of oppressed working class people. E.g. the Civil Rights Movement (USA) where South African churches played a major role in changing white supremacist society. Also, the levellers in the English Civil War wanted a communistic society, basing their ideas on Christianity the Bible. Like Marxists, Feminists believe that religion is a means of social control, oppressing women and keeping men in power. They argue that religious beliefs are merely a patriarchal ideology, restricting social change and justifying social inequality. Feminist believe that through secondary socialization, religion teaches preaches the norms values of the men, helping to legitimize the suppression of women. Much evidence is given to support their view. Feminists argue that religion is seen from a male point of view; holy texts are all written interpreted by men, reference to male characters is a lot more than women in these texts, and Gods tend to be men in almost all major world religions. This gives men the feeling of being holier and gives a justification to see women as second hand citizens therefore, as I said, legitimizes gender inequality. Also, where there is reference to female characters in holy texts, a passive and nurturing gender role is attached to them.. ADAM EVE.. Gender role ideas are also reinforced in religious texts. Men are portrayed as being strong and insuperable Women on the other hand, are portrayed to be passive, unintelligent They argue that religion is a conservative force, as it reproduces, maintains legitimizes gender inequality. However, there are also sociologists who believe religion to be a source for social change. Firstly, Neo-Marxist, However, not all Marxists agree that religion is purely the opium of the people. Neo-Marxists, who are writers that have tried to update the writings of Karl Marx to suit new developments in society, have rejected the view that religion is merely a conservative force. They believe that religion can be a force for social change, being used by the working class to bring about social change. Antonio Gramsci (1971), who wrote his ideas about religion around the 1920s, was aware of the fact that the Roman Catholic Church had shaped the minds of its followers over centuries, supporting ruling class interest, by making the poor oppressed focus on the afterlife rather than this life. However, he believed that the working class could revolt to the class inequalities, by producing their own intellectuals, who represent working class experience therefore help to shape working class consciousness. Gramsci argued that religious beliefs and practices could develop that would support guide challenges to the ruling class because the church was not directly under their control. Otto Madurdo argued that social liberation could occur, (freedom through religion) but he believed this could only happen If the oppressed masses were not to produce their own intellectuals, but if they were go to their religious leader, taking their discontent to the churches and let them decide a plan of action bringing about changes as happened in Poland, South Africa and South America. This is called the liberation theology- freedom through religion. Father Camillo Marx Weber was another sociologist who believed that religion could be a source for change Strengths of his theory were that

Two Empires In Japan :: English Literature Essays

Two Empires In Japan Two Empires In Japan by John M.L. Young and The Christian Confrontation with Shinto Nationalism by Kun Sam Lee were the two books I used for this topic. The former, an intimate 100 year chronicle of the persecution by the Asian government with their demands that all people bow in Kyujo-yohai, ( worshipping the Imperial House from afar); and the struggle of the Japanese Christians in times of compromise and triumph under such totalitarian pressure. The latter a more detailed historical account of old Shinto and the earliest Christian missionaries. The following essay will focus on the conflicting ideologies within Japan between the Shinto militarists and the Protestant mission effort from it ¹s germination in 1859 until 1957. Dr. Young cites the entrance of Christianity into Japan at 1542 when a ferocious storm found two Portuguese sailors shipwrecked on the southern island of Tanegashima. The Japanese accepted the Romish syncretism of the gospel, but were more interested in the goods and technology that came with later Roman Catholic missionaries who arrived in 1549. The priests ¹ attempts at proselytization were not very difficult; the spirit in which their efforts were received is aptly demonstrated :  ³The images of Buddha, with slight application of the chisel, served as images for Christ. Each Buddhist saint found his counterpart in Roman Christianity; and the road- side shrines of Kannon, the Goddess of Mercy, were rededi- cated to Mary. Temples, altars, bells, holy water vessels, censers, and rosaries were all ready and could be easily adapted to the needs of the new religion. ( Young, pp. 12 ) Oda Noyabunga welcomed the Roman missionaries, for he needed their advanced weaponry to successfully defeat the Ashikaga Shogunate. Shortly after his victory, Noyabunga was assassinated and all priests were driven out of Japan in 1587 vis a vie a decree from Hideyoshi the Great. Sadly, Japan went more than 400 years without the influence of true religion in the entire land. Until the arrival of two Presbyterian missionaries, Dr. and Mrs. J.C. Hepburn in 1859. As the new missionaries became established they began starting mission schools for the children in which could become trained in the way of the gospel. However, after the Meiji Restoration of 1868 ( which consisted of the demotion of 270 Daimyo and over 2 million samurai giving up thier sword and status ), the indigenous religion of Japan, Shintoism, took a revitalized grip on the masses.

Principles of Education

Theoretical and practical teaching and learning are the fundamental aspects of education. Since the early 20th century, education has been an essential part of nursing (Bastable 2008). Nurse educators encounter a diversity of learning styles and are challenged when needed to develop and adapt their teaching methods to accommodate students learning (Arthurs 2007). Mentors have a responsibility to assist the student within practice, building upon the students level of training (Kinnell and Hughes 2010). This essay will discuss the importance of the nurses role in relation to teaching both students and patients and will critically evaluate the literature used to build a lesson plan (Appendix 2) whilst discussing the process of learning and teaching. An important role of the nurse since the mid-1800s has been the responsibility of teaching. Educating other nurses for professional practice and promoting health were included. Florence Nightingale, the ultimate educator, influenced the nurse’s role to include educating families, patients and colleagues (Glanville 2000). Tilley et al (2006), states that by the 1900s the importance of the nurse as teacher was understood as preventing disease and promoting health. The National Midwifery Council (NMC) has for years put forth statements on the functions, standards, and qualifications for nursing practice. Patient teaching and the nurse’s role as educator to colleagues and student nurses are key elements (NMC 2002). Obtaining formal preparation in the principles of teaching and learning is an important part as there is much knowledge and skill to be acquired as educator with efficiency and effectiveness. A learner cannot be made to learn, but an effective approach in educating others is to actively involve learners in the education process. † (Bodenheimer et al. 2002 cited in Bastable 2008: 13). By working as a team a partnership philosophy should allow the nurse’s role as teacher of patients, families and students to be obtainable. A growing body of evidence suggests that effective education and learner participation go hand in hand. The nurse should act as a facilitator, creating an environment conducive to learning that motivates individuals to want to learn (Arthurs 007). Nurse educators encounter a variety of learning styles when faced with prospective nurses. Nursing students will have a variable age group with younger students possibly unaware of their learning styles as well as mature students who may be rooted in one way of learning (Arthurs 2007). Nursing education being primarily clinically focused results in limited knowledge of teaching strategies causing challenges for the nurse educator, this mix can lead to student and teacher frustration with poor academic performance among nursing students. Dunn and Griggs (2000) argue that teaching styles more closely aligned to a variety of adult learners will promote retention and application of new knowledge, these factors were taken into account when designing appendix 2. Blooms Taxonomy (1956 cited in Moseley et al. 2005: 102) is a system that describes, identifies and classifies three domains of learning – cognitive, affective and psychomotor. These domains are used for the development of instructional objectives and learning outcomes (Appendix 1), the first steps in the development of appendix 2. These steps identify what is expected as a result of the students learning experience (Connolly and DeYoung 2004). Airasian (2001) argues that objectives limit the learning experience and does not expose the student to further their knowledge. Gronlund (2000) explains that the need to clearly communicate the teacher’s expectations to the students, specifying what a student should know and be able to do at the end of the session is the most important part. These points guided the learning objectives of appendix 1 aiming to allow the student to strive to achieve their own personal best in order to enhance the learning experience. Reece and Walker (2000) believed that a lesson plan is designed to help teachers proceed with a lesson logically. Can every possibility be provided for? Surely a lesson plan has to be tentative and accommodating allowing substitute teachers to follow if necessary. Therefore it is only a step by step guide with estimation of time, questioning and probability, however needs to retain adequate content in order to be followed and understood. Fleming and Mill’s learning framework typology (Nilson 2003) reflects learning in a physical sense of visual, auditory, read/write and kinaesthetic preferences. Visual learners rely upon sight for their learning needs, such as presentations, diagrams and pictures with the use of colour to enhance knowledge retention (Susskind 2005). Nilson (2003) explains that the auditory learner prefers information to be explained and benefit from verbal presentations such as lectures and discussions. Students with preference of reading or writing benefit from well-structured textbooks in order to understand new information. In contrast to this type of learning the kinaesthetic learner usually has excellent eye-hand-mind coordination valuing practical information with active involvement (Nilson 2003). The lesson plan of Appendix 2 is structured to accommodate varied learning styles and planned towards delivering a variety of teaching strategies helping the student retain and learn. The wide range of learning styles represented in a large group of nursing students makes a single type teaching strategy ineffective for some of the class (Arthurs 2007). Appendix 2 allows for Visual learning through the use of diagrams and direct observation of role play, Auditory learning by a power point presentation and discussion on own experiences, Reading/Writing learners gain from the use of hand outs with limited information encouraging further reading as well as a textbook style informative diagram with rational. Kinesthetic learning is accommodated by the use of a practical section for the clinical skill. Nilson (2003) distinguished that individuals only retain 10-20% of what they hear, by including visual material to the presentation this can increase by 50%. Speaking involves active cognition as well as hearing and can increase recall to 80%, by combining speaking and applied methods retention increases to 90%. Producing a lesson plan to teach in auditory, visual and experimental modes is important, increasing the successfulness of a session by allowing individuals a variety of learning styles enhancing the storage of the material to 97% (Knowels, Holton III and Swanson 2008). Learning to accommodate a range of learning styles will improve retention of intricate information for both student and patient (Arthurs 2007). However this could be argued that this is time intensive to design. Time is a premium for the nurse, it may be unrealistic to have time to design lesson plans that accommodate all learning styles present in large classes, Appendix 2 is applicable to a small class of 10-12 students, and would not work in a large lecture theatre of over 100 due to the structure. Information may only be taught through lectures due to time constraints requiring the student to further the topic at home. It is therefore imperative that the environment, and number of students is assessed in onjunction with a lesson plan otherwise these variables could result in an unsuccessful teaching session. When teaching a patient, the approach will change, however styles will remain similar. A patient will always learn best from a one to one short session that is informative with use of written sources such leaflets allowing the information to be kept by the patient for further reference. Hands on or observation experi ence is also an excellent form to teach a patient (Quinn 2000). The success of a one to one session with a patient or family relative will rely deeply on interpersonal skills. The pace of the teaching has to be judged carefully to ensure that the patient is keeping up, and the atmosphere needs to be informal and relaxed. Factors that might affect patients or students' ability and readiness to learn could include physical issues, psychological or emotional issues, and difficulties with cognition or the environment. Appendix 3 identifies a range of common expectations that are appropriate to nurse education students and contrasts these with a patient. There will be variations within the two learners, however the information will be valid for both. It is designed to ensure that nurse educators clearly understand the importance of assumptions towards learners (Quinn 2000). In reference to Appendix 4 different teaching methods would be used to manage the learning styles required by the patient and that of the student. Mrs Helen would need a substantial about of teaching and guidance in order to continue with her oral care and understand the importance of oral hygiene (Rosdahl and Kowalski 2008). This information would need to be informal, sensitive, and professional, working at the level of knowledge the patient comprehends, allowing Mrs Helen to understand through Visual learning with the use of leaflets and diagrams, Auditory through the giving of information and Kinesthetic through demonstration. As a mentor the nurse would teach the student through direct observation, possible contribution to the teaching of skills, followed by questioning and further research to develop the students’ knowledge (Kinnell and Hughes 2010) allowing for Visual, Auditory and Kinesthetic student learning. It is important to be able to consider and address your own learning needs in order to meet the needs of others in practice. Education is an important aspect of nursing, attaining the skills required for learning and teaching something new within the profession every day is vital as research and technology is always progressing. Key differences in the ways of approaching teaching within nursing include adoption of either a nurse focused approach or a patient focused approach (Forbes 2010). Without the correct understanding of learning styles the correct teaching strategy cannot be adopted which could result in poor education, misunderstood information retained by a student which could be passed onto a patient. Adopting patient focused approaches to nursing will allow the nurse educator to adapt to the teaching style necessary for the patient, ensuing exceptional guidance, support and education. Without this educating structure within the Nursing Programme, student nurses would not be prepared for the practice setting of communication, demonstration and most importantly continual education and teaching.

processor essay Essay Example

processor essay Essay Example processor essay Essay processor essay Essay Every PC has a Central Processing Unit (CPU) this acts as the brain of your system. It connects to the Motherboard and works alongside the other components processing many instructions at the same time between the different hardware and memory systems. Advancements in CPU technology now mean systems typically come with Dual Core, Triple core or Quad Core processors (on one single chip) instead of the traditional one core per chip. Now the total number of Cores can slot into a socket as before and a single heat sink and fan can keep everything to the right temperature. Types of processors: Intel Pentium Dual Core Processors The Intel Pentium processors with Intel dual-core technology deliver great desktop performance, low power enhancements, and multitasking for everyday computing. Intel Dual Core 13 Processors Intel Core 13 dual core processors provide 4-way multitasking capability with built-in performance headroom for software upgrades. Intel Dual Core 15 Processors Intel Core 15 processors deliver the next level of productivity. With Intel Turbo Boost Technology this quad-core processor with 4-way multitasking capability delivers extra speed whenever you need. Intel Dual Core 17 Processors The Intel Core 17 processors deliver best-in-class performance for the most demanding applications. This quad-core processor features 8-way multitasking capability and additional L3 cache. My personal view is there is little difference between using both makes and have run many stable and fast systems using both makes. The AMD processors do tend to run hotter than the Intel versions, but with a suitable fan this is easily kept under control. How processors works: The Central Processing Unit (CPU) Figure 1: The Central Processing Unit The computer does its primary work in a part of the machine we cannot see, a control enter that converts data input to information output. This control center, called the central processing unit (CPL]), is a highly complex, extensive set of electronic circuitry that executes stored program instructions. All computers, large and small, must have a central processing unit. As Figure 1 shows, the central processing unit consists of two parts: The control unit and the arithmetic/logic unit. Each part has a specific function. BeTore we Olscuss tne control unlt ana tne arltnmetlc/loglc unlt In aetall, we need to consider data storage and its relationship to the central processing unit. Computers se two types of storage: Primary storage and secondary storage. The CPU interacts closely with primary storage, or main memory, referring to it for both instructions and data. For this reason this part of the reading will discuss memory in the context of the central processing unit. Technically, however, memory is not part of the CPL]. Recall that a computers memory holds data only temporarily, at the time the computer is executing a program. Secondary storage holds permanent or semi- permanent data on some external magnetic or optical medium. The diskettes and CD-ROM disks that you have seen with personal computers are secondary storage evices, as are hard disks. Since the physical attributes of secondary storage devices determine the way data is organized on them, we will discuss secondary storage and data organization together in another part of our on-line readings. Now let us consider the components of the central processing unit. 0 The Control Unit The control unit of the CPU contains circuitry that uses electrical signals to direct the entire computer system to carry out, or execute, stored program instructions. Like an orchestra leader, the control unit does not execute program instructions; rather, it directs other parts of the system to do so. The control unit must communicate with both the arithmetic/logic unit and memory. The Arithmetic/Logic Unit The arithmetic/logic unit (ALL) contains the electronic circuitry that executes all arithmetic and logical operations. The arithmetic/logic unit can perform four kinds of arithmetic operations, or mathematical calculations: addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. As its name implies, the arithmetic/logic unit also performs logical operations. A logical operation is usually a comparison. The unit can compare numbers, letters, or special characters. The computer can then take action based on the result of the omparison. This is a very important capability. It is by comparing that a computer is able to tell, for instance, whether there are unfilled seats on airplanes, whether charge- card customers have exceeded their credit limits, and whether one candidate for Congress has more votes than another. Logical operations can test for three conditions: Equal-to condition. In a test for this condition, the arithmetic/logic unit compares two values to determine if they are equal. For example: If the number of tickets sold equals the number of seats in the auditorium, then the concert is declared sold out. Less-than condition. To test for this condition, the computer compares values to determine if one is less than another. For example: If the number of speeding tickets on a arlvers recoro Is less tnan tnree, tnen Insurance rates are $425; otnerwlse, tne rates are $500. Greater-than condition. In this type of comparison, the computer determines if one value is greater than another. For example: If the hours a person worked this week are greater than 40, then multiply every extra hour by 1. 5 times the usual hourly wage to compute overtime pay. A computer can simultaneously test for more than one condition. In fact, a logic unit can usually discern six logical relationships: equal to, less than, greater than, less than or equal to, greater than or equal to, and not equal. The symbols that let you define the type of comparison you want the computer to perform are called relational operators. The most common relational operators are the equal sign(=), the less-than symbol(). Registers: Temporary Storage Areas Registers are temporary storage areas for instructions or data. They are not a part of memory; rather they are special additional storage locations that offer the advantage of speed. Registers work under the direction of the control unit to accept, hold, and transfer instructions or data and perform arithmetic or logical comparisons at high speed. The control unit uses a data storage register the way a store owner uses a cash register-as a temporary, convenient place to store what is used in transactions. Computers usually assign special roles to certain registers, including these registers: An accumulator, which collects the result of computations. An address register, which keeps track of where a given instruction or piece of data is stored in memory. Each storage location in memory is identified by an address, Just as each house on a street has an address. A storage register, which temporarily holds data taken from or about to be sent to memory. A general-purpose register, which is used for several functions. Memory and Storage Memory is also known as primary storage, primary memory, main storage, internal storage, main memory, and RAM (Random Access Memory); all these terms are used interchangeably by people in computer circles. Memory is the part of the computer that holds data and instructions for processing. Although closely associated with the entral processing unit, memory is separate from it. Memory stores program instructions or data for only as long as the program they pertain to is in operation. Keeping these items in memory when the program is not running is not feasible for three reasons: Most types of memory only store items while the computer is turned on; data is destroyed when the machine is turned off. If more than one program is running at once (often the case on large computers and sometimes on small computers), a single program can not lay exclusive claim to memory. There may not be room in memory to hold the processed data.

Gattaca Essay Example

Gattaca Essay Example Gattaca Paper Gattaca Paper The propaganda Is employed by the Party to hide the shortcomings and failures of the Party by transforming them into military successes. Remember our boys on the Malabar front! And the sailors in the Floating Fortresses! Just think what they have to put up with. Rowels time with the BBC can be seen as a major influence on his opinions on propaganda. During this time, the BBC spread false hate propaganda and relentlessly censored the news of the despicable polices that the Allied forces employed In German clues, of which including bombings and genocide. This censorship could be a major Influence in Rowels 1984 as correlations can be drawn between the two events. Also, individual ND intellectual thought is crushed by technology such as the telecasters due to the fact that any discordance will be captured by the telecasters and ultimately be crushed by the Thought Police. The individuals in the society are also physically oppressed by the Party. A persons own nervous system is his own worst enemy. This suggests that the Thought Police continually watches for any physical signs of disloyalty and are able to arrest anyone due to the slightest twitch of the face. The oppressive force of technology manifests itself in various characters throughout the text. Individuals like Parson are described as a beetle-like man with a flat face and tiny, suspicious eyes comparing him with the automatic and selfless nature of insects. In this way, it is clear to see that the individuality of the citizens have been completely suppressed by technology. Eve to her Daughters is a 1966 poem by Judith Wright which illustrates a utopia as expressed in a male-driven society. It depicts the fall of men, and Dams attempts to create a new utopia on Earth. The poem parodies the arrogant and pretentious world generated by technology, pioneered by a power-hungry, patriarchal society through satire. The second stanza highlights the flawed intrinsic nature of men He had discovered a flaw In himself and he had to make up for It, displaying the male ego of Adam. He attempts to create an tart n Tanat would match ten Garden AT tone Day embracing the effect of technology, The Earth must be made a new Eden with central heating Mechanical harvesters Combustion engines. However the natural beauty of the Garden of Eden, which was considered the religious Utopia by people belonging to the Christian faith, was replaced by a far from perfect place, a superficial, male-driven society created through the plight of Adam. : The values and ideas expressed in the poem are predominantly influenced by the political context of the poem. The Cold War was a period of tension, conflict and competition between the USA and the USSR and their allies from the mid sasss to the sass directly after the Second World War. The poem was written in 1966, at a time when the Cold War was reaching tremendous heights. Wright satirized this by representing Adam as a metaphor for both USA and USSR. Dams attempts on improving the technology on Earth can be interpreted as the respective spending of both USSR and USA in their light to surpass each other technologically and become the dominant superpower of the world. In this way, the idea of technology playing an essential part in dyspepsia fiction can be clearly seen in this text. Cattle is a science fiction film, directed by Andrew Niccole in 1997, which illustrates a dark vision of the future where society has become reliant on technology and genetic research. The use of technology as a tool of oppression permeates throughout all dyspepsia texts and most importantly in Cattle. The film forecasts society where parents are encouraged to decide the emetic makeup of their offspring before birth and individuals, who have not been genetically enhanced, suffer discrimination in all aspects of life. In this way, the society of Cattle attempts to eradicate undesirable traits seeks perfection in its individuals by providing each human with the best genetic makeup. This idea is seen continuously throughout the film. Vincent, an enhanced child is perpetually exposed to severe discrimination. Vincent observes a new class structure has arisen, not based on social status but on genetic makeup, known as genomes. These embers of the society are usually referred to as faith births, defectives, God children, or officially, in-valid. Though it is illegal to discriminate by means of genetic profile, the obstacles encountered by the invalids are clearly seen throughout the film. One particular scene which demonstrates this discrimination is where Vincent is rejected from schools as the school cannot afford the high insurance rates required to cover an in-valid child. The severe effects of this are seen by the close-up shot of the gate, shutting out Vincent face, symbolizing a Jail, where the rights of Vincent is restricted. Also the opening credits of the film highlights the letters G, A, T and C, symbolizing the four DNA bases, Adenosine, Guanidine, Thymine and Cytosine. This highlighting technique establishes in the beginning of the film that the letters belonging to the genetic code is more powerful than the other letters of the alphabet. The film also contains several close-up shots of blood, skin and hair, which alludes to that fact that the society of Cattle emphasizes the importance of genetic material, but also the fact that human beings are valued less than their DNA. The costuming in CATTLE also suggests a society dominated by uniformity, with all he employees of the corporation, wearing matching black suits, thus displaying the lack of individuality. In this way, Cattle expresses a world depicting the devastating power of technology which represses the individual. 1984 by George Orwell depicts a plectrum AT a totalitarian society winner ten Party NAS sleaze solute control over Its citizens, where the individual has been entirely isolated from their own individuality, and the human spirit has been completely crushed. The ideas in 1984 are predominantly influenced by Rowels negative view towards Fascism. Orwell was the staunch advocate of Democratic Socialism. Orwell believed capitalism was corrupt, but fascism would be calamitous. In 1984 the Party has seized absolute control over its citizens by means of suppressing individual thought. The belief in the inner spirit of men is the only conviction that Winston has, for that the Party cannot survive forever. He asserts that the probes, who have not killed off their loyalties, will overthrow the Party and the spirit of Men will eventually break free and eradicate this oppression. The Party is able to corrupt and suppress every vestige of human nature through their control of language their use of the repressive power genealogy. Through the control of the past, doublethink and telecasters that constantly bombard the citizens with propaganda; the party is able to isolate individuals from their individuality and of those around them. One specific character who acts as an impeccable example of the suppression of human nature is Winston wife, Katherine, who refuses but more importantly her inability to enjoy sex, highlighting the level to which individuals has been isolated from other individuals. Katherine sees sex as a duty to the Party and showing her absolute loyalty to no one, only Big Brother. OBrien provides Winston with a savage image of the future. If you want a picture of the future, imagine a boot stamping on a human face forever. Winston belief in the human spirit is eventually crushed by OBrien when he sees what he himself has become after an unknown time of torture, a shriveled, balding wreck. OBrien mocks him and calls Winston the guardian of the human spirit. In this way Winston finally has understood that he is nothing in the Partys perpetual search of power. 984 attempts to convey a dyspepsia where the human spirit has been completely crushed, where the individual has no power against the oppression and a world which offers no hope for the future. Eve to her Daughters attempts to warn its audience that submission to a dyspepsia will lead to oppression and ultimately the loss of human spirit. As a post-modernist poet, Wright adapts the characters of Adam and Eve from the Book of Genesis and parodies the arrogant world created by a power-hungry and patriarchal society. It depicts the plight of Adam to create a male-driven Utopia on Earth. However this Utopia was created at the expense of Eve, conveying the idea that the notion of Utopia is endless but entirely subjective. Second-wave feminism refers to a period of enemies activity which began during the late sasss and lasted through the late sasss. Where first-wave feminism focused on overturning legal obstacles to equality, the second-wave feminism addressed unofficial inequalities. The movement encouraged women to understand the psychological implications of sexist stereotypes, and to make them realize that they could achieve more in life than being identified as a housewife. The poem completed during the second wave of the feminist movement, attempts to reject the patriarchal values of the society by subverting the long established, male-generated belief that Eve tempted Adam into eating the forbidden apple, through the defiant opening It was not I who began it. I en second stanza relentless tons Idea He even compliance AT my cooking I en use of both the second and third person voice reinforces the arrogance Adam muff see, he was always an egotist. The narrator also calls on the women of general to challenge this Utopia, created by men and should not suffer under the expense of it as seen by the line l would suggest, for the sake of the children, that its time you took over. The poem, unlike Orwell in 1984, who creates a world in which the Spirit f Man is completely defeated, attempts to convey the idea that submission is not the answer, and freedom from this dyspepsia can be achieved if you challenge these patriarchal beliefs and not let its oppressive nature crush your human spirit. Cattle attempts to deliver a stark message, not condemning the power of technology, but rather the problems that will arise if humans believe that they are nothing more than their genes. The issue of genetic discrimination in the film is largely influenced by the initiation of the Human Genome Project. This was an international scientific research project conducted to understand the genetic makeup f human species. Many scientists and scholars rej ected this form of genetic sequencing as they believe this will only exacerbate the already social disparities present in the society. The film portrays the struggles of Vincent, who challenges the belief that the genes of a human determine their potential. Throughout the course of the film, Vincent avoids excels physically and socially despite his imperfect genetic profile. The film attempts to express the fact that in a genetically perfect world, the human spirit is lost. This human spirit and inner strength are lacking in individuals, such as Vincent brother, who, engineered with no flaws and is genetically superior to Vincent, has nothing to overcome and thus bears no motivation to confront the problems of a specific environment. In this way, he feels no need to improve himself. This is seen in the tagging of the film there is no gene for the human spirit. Niccole attempts to portray that the human spirit should be valued over genes and technology through a range of techniques. The staircase, shaped like in the form of a DNA strand acts as a visual metaphor for Eugene Morrows inability to live up to his potential despite his genetic profile. The film is also shot using color filters.

Paul’s Missionary Journey Essay Essays

Paul’s Missionary Journey Essay Essays Paul’s Missionary Journey Essay Essay Paul’s Missionary Journey Essay Essay The Apostle Paul was the great leader in the momentous passage which characterized the apostolic age. the passage from a prevailingly Judaic to a prevailingly gentile Christianity. Under his counsel Christianity was saved from atrophy’ and decease. which threatened it if it remained confined in Palestine. At the same clip. by ground of his penetration into the truth of the Gospel and fidelity to it. every bit good as by his devotedness to the Old Testament and trueness to the highest Judaic ideals in which he had been reared. he saved Christianity from the moral and spiritual degeneration to which it would certainly hold been brought if it had broken with its yesteryear. and had tried to stand entirely and incapacitated amid the commotion of Greek spiritual motions of the first and 2nd Christian centuries. In Paul a great force of onward motion and a profound and witting radicalism were combined with basically conservative rules. Paul appears to hold been born at non far from the same clip as Jesus Christ. Harmonizing to Acts. Paul was born in Tarsus ( Acts 9:11 ; etc. ) . received the dual name Saul/Paul ( 13:9 ) . and through his household possessed Tarsian and Roman citizenship ( 22:25-29 ( Murphy-O’Connor 32-33 ) . Overall. Paul can be described as an able and exhaustively trained Jew. who had gained from his abode in a Grecian metropolis that grade of Greek instruction which complete acquaintance with the Grecian linguistic communication and the accustomed usage of the Grecian interlingual rendition of the Scriptures could convey. At underside he of all time remained the Jew. in his feelings. his background of thoughts. and his manner of idea. but he knew how to do acceptably apprehensible to Greek readers the truths in which. as prevarication came to believe. put the satisfaction of their deepest demands. At Jerusalem Paul entered ardently into the chase of the Pharisaic ideal of complete conformance in every specific to the Law. He was. he tells us. â€Å"found blameless† ( to every oculus but that of his ain scruples ) . and. he says. â€Å"I advanced in the Jews’ faith beyond many of mine ain age among my countrymen. being more extremely avid for the traditions of my fathers† . With ardent passion he entered into the persecution of the Christian religious order. was present and took a sort of portion at the slaying of Stephen. and undertook to transport on the work of suppression outside of Palestine at Damascus. whither he journeyed for this intent with letters of debut from the governments at Jerusalem ( Murphy-O’Connor 52-57 ) . At this clip took topographic point his transition. That he was converted. and at or near Damascus. his ain words leave no uncertainty. â€Å"I persecuted. † he says in composing to the Galatians. â€Å"the Church of God. . . But when it was the good pleasance of God. who separated me. even from my mother’s uterus. and called me through his grace. to uncover his Son in me. that I might prophesy him among the heathens ; straightway I conferred non with flesh and blood: neither went I up to Jerusalem to them which were apostles before me: but I went off into Arabia ; and once more I returned unto Damascus† ( Gal I. 13-17 ) . The alteration obviously presented itself to Paul’s head as a direct Godhead interjection in his life. It came to him in a disclosure of Jesus Christ. whereby ( and through no human mediator ) he received the Gospel which he preached. and the committee to be an apostle. He refers to it as to a individual event and an absolute alteration of way. non a gradual procedure and development ; the two parts of his life stood aggressively contrasted. he did non gestate that he had slid by unperceivable phases from one to the other. â€Å"What things [ i. e. his advantages of birth and Judaic attainment ] were addition to me. these have I counted loss for Christ. . . or whom I suffered† - as if in a individual minute - †the loss of all things† ( Phil. three. 7. 8 ) . From Paul’s ain words. so. we know that he was converted from a tormentor to a Christian. at a definite clip and at or near Damascus. by what he considered to be the direct interjection of God ; and it seems to be this experience of which he thought as a vision of the risen Christ ( Hubbard 176-77 ) . After Paul’s transition. which took topographic point in the latter portion of the reign of Tiberius ( 14-37 a. d. ) . about 15 old ages passed before the missional calling began of which we have knowledge from Acts and from Paul’s ain epistles. During this clip Paul was foremost in Arabia. that is in some portion of the imperium of which Damascus was the most celebrated metropolis. so in Damascus. and subsequently. after a brief visit to Jerusalem. in Cilicia. doubtless at his old place Tarsus. In this period we may say that he was seting his whole system of idea to the new Centre which had established itself in his head. the Messiahship of Jesus. With the new footing in head every portion of his rational universe must hold been thought through. Particularly. we may believe. will he hold studied the relation of Christian religion to the old dispensation and to the thoughts of the Prophetss. The fruit of these old ages we have in the full-blown idea of the epistles. They show a steadiness of position and a preparedness of resource in the usage of the Old Testament. which testify to through work in the clip of readying. Epistles written old ages apart. like Galatians. Romans and Philippians. surprise us by their uniformity of idea and unstrained similarity of linguistic communication. in malice of the profusion and vivacity of Paul’s idea and manner. So. for the most portion. the characteristic thoughts even of Epliesians and Colossians are found suggested in source in Corinthians and the earlier epistles. Paul’s epistles represent the literary blossoming of a head prepared by old ages of survey and contemplation ( Murphy-O’Connor 90-95 ) . At Paul’s missional journey and the beginning so made of churches in Asia Minor we have already looked in a old chapter. After his return to Antioch followed that great and polar juncture of early Christian history. the alleged Council. or Conference. at Jerusalem. described in the 15th chapter of Acts and by Paul in the 2nd chapter of Galatians. At that clip Paul established his right to transport on the work of Christian missions in conformity with his ain rules and his ain apprehension of the Christian faith. His relation with the Twelve Apostles seems so and at all times to hold been affable. His troubles came from others in the Judaic Church. To this we know of merely one exclusion. seemingly slightly subsequently than the Conference. the juncture at Antioch when Peter under force per unit area from Jerusalem withdrew from family with the gentile brethren. and called out from Paul the terrible reproof of which we read in Galatians. There is ground to believe that the reproof accomplished its intent. At any rate. at a ulterior clip there is no grounds of a continued breach. The thought of missional travel had obviously taken ownership of Paul. for after returning from Jerusalem to Antioch he shortly started out once more. and was endlessly occupied with missional work from now until the minute of his apprehension at Jerusalem. Leaving Antioch on his 2nd journey he and his comrades hurried across Asia Minor. halting merely. it would look. to revisit and inspect churches antecedently established. They were led by the Holy Spirit. as the author of Acts believed. to direct their class westward every bit quickly as possible to Greece. which was to be the following phase in the way to the capital of the universe. In Macedonia and Achaia Paul and his comrades worked with changing success at Philippi. Thessalonica. Ber? a. Athens. Corinth. At Corinth. the main commercial metropolis of Greece. the Christians arrived in the late fall. The work opened good. and Paul remained at that of import Centre until a twelvemonth from the following spring. The day of the month of his reaching can non be precisely determined. but is likely one of the five old ages between 49 and 53 a. d. While at Corinth he wrote the First and ( if it is echt ) the Second Epistle to the Thessalonians. Somewhere about this clip. possibly before go forthing Antioch for this journey. the Epistle to the Galatians was written. The churches of Galatia. to which it is addressed. were likely the churches known to us in Acts as Pisithan Antioch. Iconium. Lystra. and Derbe. After a winging trip to Syria and possibly to Jerusalem Paul returned to Ephesus in Asia Minor. where he settled down for a stay of three old ages. A few incidents of this period have been recorded in the Book of Acts. and are among the most dramatic and realistic that we have. They include a singular figure of points of contact with facts known to us from archaeological finds. and in no chapters of Acts is our assurance more to the full reassured in the modern-day cognition and the trustiness of the author of the book. While at Ephesus Paul had much communicating with Corinth. and wrote I Corinthians. which had clearly been preceded by another missive. There are indicants in II Corinthians that after this he found the troubles in the church at Corinth such that he wrote them at least one missive which has been lost. and made a short. and in its result extremely painful. trip to Corinth and back to Ephesus. Finally he was impelled by danger to his life to go forth Ephesus. and went through Macedonia to Corinth. On the manner he wrote. to fix for his ain presence. the epistle we call II Corinthians. Arriving at Corinth in the early winter he stayed until spring. His literary impulse continued active. and to this winter we owe the Epistle to the Romans. Earlier letters had been’ called out by particular demand in one or another church ; in Romans Paul comes nigher to a systematic expounding of his divinity than in any of his earlier Hagiographas. He knew the importance that would certainly belong to the Christian Church of Rome. He had made up his head to travel at that place. But first he must travel to Jerusalem. and there were dangers both from the hazards of travel and from hostile work forces. Of each hind his life had had many illustrations. Consequently he provided for the Roman Christians a clear statement of his chief place. together with a answer to several of the main expostulations brought against it. notably the allegations that his presentation of Christianity involves the repeal of God’s promises to his chosen people. and that it opened the manner to moral laxness. This missive Paul sent as an earnest of his ain visit to Rome. He had been for a twelvemonth or more oversing the aggregation by the churches of Asia Minor and Europe of a part for the hapless Christians at Jerusalem ; the heathen churches should therefore do a refund in animal things to those who had made them to be sharers of their religious things. This part was now ready. and Paul himself with a group of representatives of the main churches took ship at Philippi and Troas for Jerusalem. The ocean trip is narrated in item in Acts. obviously by one who was a member of the company. At last Paul reached Jerusalem. and was good received by the church ; but. followed as he was by the hate of Hebrews from the Dispersion who had recognized the threat to the Judaic faith continuing from the new religious order. he was set upon by a rabble. rescued merely by being taken in detention by the Roman governments. and after a series of exciting escapades which will be found laudably told in the Book of Acts. was brought to C`sarea. There he stayed a captive for two old ages and more until on the juncture of a alteration of Roman Governor his instance was brought up for test. when he exercised the right of a Roman citizen to appeal from the legal power of the Governor to that of the imperial tribunal at Rome. It was late fall. but he was dispatched with a comrade whom we may good believe to be Luke the darling doctor. and from whom our history surely comes. The narration of Paul’s ocean trip and shipwreck. of the winter on the island of Malta. and the concluding reaching at Rome early in one of the old ages between 58 and 62 a. d. is familiar. It is the most of import papers that antiquity has left us for an apprehension of the manner of working an ancient ship. while the image which it gives of Paul as a practical adult male is a delicious addendum to our other cognition of him ( Murphy-O’Connor 324 ) . In Rome. while under guard expecting test. Paul likely wrote Philippians. Colossians. Philemon. and the round missive. apparently intended for churches in Asia Minor. known to us as Ephesians. They show some new development of thoughts long present with him. and some new ideas to which his other Hagiographas give no analogue. and the manner of some of them has changed a spot from the freshness of Galatians and Romans ; but these are non sufficient grounds for denying that Paul wrote the letters. They are. so. as it seems to me. beyond sensible uncertainty genuine. The Book of Acts ends with the words. â€Å"And he [ Paul ] abode two whole old ages in his ain hired home. and received all that went in unto him. prophesying the Kingdom of God. and learning the things refering the Lord Jesus Christ with all daring. none prohibiting him. † This period of two old ages is sufficient to include the composing of the four epistles to which mention has merely been made. Philippians. Colossians. Philemon. and Epliesians. the alleged Epistles of the Captivity. What happened at the termination of the period? Apparently Paul’s instance. long postponed. so came to test. Make it ensue in his release or his executing? The grounds is meager and conflicting. and sentiments differ. It is possibly a little more likely that he was released. and entered on farther missional work. likely transporting out his original intent of forcing on with the announcement of his Gospel to the West. and set uping it in Spain ; but of this period there is no narrative. If after two old ages Paul’s imprisonment at Rome ended with his release. as the absence of tenable charges against him would take us to anticipate. he must hold been subsequently once more apprehended. likely in connexion with the persecution artfully turned against the Christians at the clip of Nero’s fire in July of the twelvemonth 64. It is likely that he was beheaded. to which favor his Roman citizenship entitled him. and that he was finally buried on the Ostian Way at the topographic point where now stands the glorious basilica of St. Paul Outside the Walls.

Product Life Cycle Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Product Life Cycle - Assignment Example 1. Assumptions of the analysis were not all correct as at the time the research was carried out. Foremost is the fact that very few disposable diapers are utilized every week, on a standard basis, then reusable diapers their impact to the environment may be overstated. Secondly, even though the concerned researchers made an assumption that incineration is the most preferred alternative of waste management, this concept is not globally accepted. This, therefore, means that not everybody is in agreement with this kind of waste disposal.There is a considerable opposition that exists to the utilization of incineration which at times could prelude this option of waste management from taking over as the basic method of waste disposal. Presently, several disposable diapers are usually landfilled. This, therefore, means that the impact to the environment of disposable diapers that can be attributed to waste disposal could greatly differ from the estimates provided by the researchers. Being the leader of Arthur D.Little project team, I would not necessarily recommend any particular diaper. This is because, from the data provided, disposables use more raw materials than reusables. On the other hand, reusables consume more water and energy resources that are non-renewable. Globally it is hard to choose one diaper instead of the other. In regions where solid waste is the most burning environmental problem such as New York reusables could definitely be given a nod. Consequently, regions with water scarcity such as California, disposables, in this case, are deemed the best choice for the environment. 2. To be able to give a correct estimate of the reusable diapers’ cost to consumers, valuation of the home labor required to clean reusables should at least be at the minimum wage; since this wage rate is a representation of the lowest estimate of the incurred opportunity cost.

Organic Vs Convetional foods Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Organic Vs Convetional foods - Research Paper Example Conflicting ideas have emanated on the use of organic foods over conventional leading to a heated debate between organo-skeptics and those in favor of organic technology. The debate emanates from those who say that its worth to spend more money on Organic Foods because of their overall health benefits, and those who urge people to save money and buy conventional food products. My choice of organic versus conventional foods debate is related to the fact that I live New York City that is characterized by Health revolution. I have lately witnessed the closure of old restaurants in order to give way to the new ones offering organic foods. Additionally, supermarkets that offer all-organic experience have been popularized more compared to those trading on conventional food products. The New York Times reports a new study from researchers at Stanford University that suggests that there is minute nutritional variation between organic fruits or vegetables over their more expensive counterpart s. This has sparked the debate on the superiority of the two forms of food products in related to nutritional as well as non-nutritional factors. THE DEBATE The debate surrounding organic versus conventional foods revolves around three issues namely productivity, benefits and costs. The recent trend in the increased popularity of organic products among Americans has nothing to do with the perceived nutritional superiority. The Stanford study focused more on nutrients that contribute minimally to the reasons leading to the debate. According to the American Prospect (2008), many people perceive that organic food products are healthier than conventionally produced food products. However, organo-skeptics portend that it is not worthy spending more money buying organic foods when one can purchase cheaper conventionally produced products. The opinion of the organic lobbyists is based on the fact that organic production is devoid of fertilizers or pesticides use. This leads to the assumpti on that pesticides residues cannot be deposited in the foods products. The absence of pesticides implies that the products develop a natural defense mechanism. Scientists suppose that the defense factor occurs in the form of natural chemicals called phenols. The supporters claim that the chemicals act as antioxidants. Organic fruits and vegetables are becoming popular in the supermarkets because of the notion that the antioxidants they possess protect the body from cancers and heart disease. However, organo-skeptics portends that the natural pesticides may possess negative impacts on the body health. They insist that there is no proof for any health gains from organic foods. According to organic lobbyists, this is disputable because lack of such evidence can be attributed to the absence of appropriate research studies on the topic. Organo-skeptics claim that the use of manure in production of organic fruits and vegetables has led to contamination of food products with bacteria E. Co li. Critics associate the presence of these harmful pathogens with food poisoning. However, research has shown that composting the manure for a precise period of time and maintaining it at an exact temperature reduces bacterial composition (Lester, Manthey and Buslig 4474-80). Supporters of organic farming argue that safety strategies are already in place to ensure that the risk of food poisoning is minimized. Supporters of the use of

Distinguish between accounts that are presented in the income Essay

Distinguish between accounts that are presented in the income statement and balance sheet - Essay Example The accounts used in income statement representation or preparation are, revenue, expenses, losses and profit accounts while those that are used in the preparation of balance sheet are assets, liabilities and owners equity accounts. Good example of liabilities and equity accounts are taxes, notes, loans, payroll accounts and many more. It is easier to represent this two difference balance sheet and income statement accounts through a chart of accounts, this is a list of all the accounts that are used to record financial transactions (Berezin, 2005). Current assets this are the materials or goods that one have in an organization or business that are disposable for certain returns within a short period of time , majorly they are the stock of the business and they controls the inflow of cash into the business through a short time. While current liabilities are the debt that ones have to other people or the current debt of the business this is control by the creditors account. To relates the two there is a ratio that is used known as the current ratio this differentiate the two by dividing each other and an increase in current asset through a reduction in current liabilities shows that the business is doing fine, but an increase in current liabilities through a decrease in current asset proof that the business is under duress and something should be done to reduce that short. This is the dependency between the two, ones increase leads to the other decrease. To relate the two through balance creation or changes is an increase in cur rent asset leads to a reduction in current liabilities through payments; thus, reducing the debt or creditors balance while increasing the asset balance in the business (Fields, 2011). Considerations of current asset and liabilities are one of the fundamentals of a business; the relationship between the two is what keeps the business alive and kicking. The two are mainly related to payment terms and inventory policies. This is

Accounting case study on BP p.l.c Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Accounting on BP p.l.c - Case Study Example erating in any gas and oil industry sector and this diversification includes production and exploration, distributing and marketing, trading, power generation, refining, and petrochemicals (Bp.com, 2014). The company is further engaged in production of renewable sources of energy that include wind power and biofuels. The company boasts of intense operations in slightly more than eighty countries across the globe with a production of more than three million barrels daily with estimated reserves of approximately seventeen billion barrels. The company has approximately twenty thousand seven hundred service stations globally with its largest front in America. The company’s success in financial terms is broad with notable investments in Rosneft, its listing in the â€Å"London Stock Exchange (LSE),† and it is a member of the â€Å"FTSE 10 index† (Bp.com, 2014). The company has a high market capitalization in the London Stock Exchange, which is approximately worth eighty five billion pounds with secondary listings in the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) and Frankfurt Stock Exchange (FSE) (Bp.com, 2014). The company began its production efforts under the tag British Petroleum in the Middle East from early 1954 (Franck & Huyghebaert, 2004). It is regarded as the first oil company to find exploits in North Sea. The company has undergone different transformations and challenges along the years in terms of changes in ownership to oil related disasters that have contributed to its success and loss of revenue. BP operates under different product lines with unlimited opportunities for growth. These products include Air BP, BP Target Neutral, BP Franchising, Fuelling cards, Asphalt and Bitumen, BP Biofuels, Motor lubricants and oil, Petrol/gas station locator, Gas/Petrol stations, Industrial lubricants, Liquefied Natural Gas, Gas and power energy, BP Crudes, NGL, MSDS, BP shipping, Petrochemicals, Marine Fuels, and Lubricants (Bp.com, 2014). Air BP deals with a variety of

Development of Japanese Bond Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Development of Japanese Bond - Essay Example The world is growing so fast and every body needs to achieve high goals, money and fame in limited time. For being on top, every person does their best - hard work, efforts and sincerity can only lead a person towards the top. Every field requires day to day changes and updating. The investment industry is not as high profile as it used to be following the global economic crisis but some industries are still up on their feet. There are number of features of bonds, some of them are briefly discussed below: nominal amount, issue price, maturity date, coupon, coupon dates, indentures and covenants sinking fund, options. There are different types of bonds available in market, each of which has its own features and requirements. Bond by foreign entities brings new and wide ways of earning money. Japanese bonds are sold by the Japanese government which offers a number of bonds including revenue bond and subsidy bonds. Japanese bonds are much similar to treasury bonds which are widely sold in United States under the provision of government. Japan has faced lots of problem in the market including a numbers of risks. Bonds sold by foreign markets always have a great scope and region for earnings. There are always low credit spreads on Japanese bonds especially BBB related bonds. CAPM is an additional risk factor in market faced by Japanese bond. Under Y-CAPM -risk and -risk can be determined (Bank of Japan, 2000). The estimated Wright of -risk was 2.6 % in Japan and on the other hand, it is compared with 12.5 % in United States. The big difference between lower degrees of relative risk reflects the risk aversion in Japan. The key problem of Japanese bond is always the policies of Japanese government. Rate of bonds in international markets reflects a lot in economy of country. I n case of Japanese bond deficiency it highly affects the economy of Japan and it shows the competitiveness and performance of Japanese firms (Paul, 2001). This change highly reflects the generally priced risk in Japan. Basically in Japanese market two models are applied i.e. conditional model and unconditional model. The major issue is asset pricing in an international context is exchange

General Mill Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

General Mill - Essay Example Besides that, the company has its joint ventures manufacturing and marketing products in over 130 countries in addition to republics globally. Its operations are categorized into three- Foodservice and baking, International- excludes their partnership with Japan and Cereal Partners Worldwide, CPW and U.S Retail- consisting of seven divisions of the branded retail products; its joint venture with CPW sees them selling ready-to-eat cereals. Overview Recently, the Company made an acquirement of a natural snacks food corporation known as Food Should Taste Good that is located within Needham Heights. Happening within the same year, 2012, "the Company acquired a 50% interest and a 51% interest in Yoplait Marques S.A.S and Yoplait S.A.S. respectively, and later on, during August, it obtained Yoki Alimentos SA" (Reuters, n.d). Following its mission ‘Nourishing Lives’, the Company has its healthy snacks brands such as Nature Valley bars and Yoplait dairy products still having a l arge consumer base worldwide. Most notable is its Gold Medal flour that, till today, has remained the number one selling flour in the United States. The Company also participates in philanthropic efforts through its General Mills Foundation, where "more than half a million dollars has been awarded to nonprofit organizations supporting local communities since 1954" (General Mills -foundation, n.d). Furthermore, it has remained consistent in paying dividends to its investors. Coming after the Kellog Company, General Mills is the number two cereals maker in America, in terms of size. General Mills employs an estimated 35,000 employees across its network in Asia Pacific, Europe, Canada, Latin America and South Africa, its manufacturing companies are situated in beyond 30 countries. Products The Company can be said to have had great success because of its consumer-relating brands on all its products. Other than the Gold Medal flour, its breakfast products fetch a considerable consumer ba se and they include "Cheerios, Lucky Charms, Chex, Wheaties and Trix" (General mills- cereals n.d). The lineup continues on with baking mixes under the name Betty Crocker, frozen bread called Pilsbury and yoghurt called Yoplait and Colombo, the Company also makes vegetables that are frozen and preserved named Green Giant, Progresso soups and Mexican seasonings. General Mills has a natural as well as organic products venture named Small Planet Foods that is responsible for marketing Cascadian Farm vegetables plus Muir Glen soups. In addition, it has a joint venture with 8th venture for marketing and selling soy-based products; where that company has a 50-50 partnership with Dupont. Operations Owing to the fact that General Mills’ has a diverse product range where each may have similar or different specifications, the company took up professional IT services from a Management Information Systems company to design a feature in their product specifications system. This feature wo uld make it possible to conduct mass changes and undo designs of the products. The designing entailed rigorous testing with employees from its U.S and abroad operations also participating. This helped the Company to save time and minimize errors and subsequently, maintain consistent levels of quality in their products, their packaging and delivery to various parts of the world; while at the same time adhering to strict regulations. The system has the added advantage of allowing the Company to make more than 10,000 modifications

Accounting case study on BP p.l.c Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Accounting on BP p.l.c - Case Study Example erating in any gas and oil industry sector and this diversification includes production and exploration, distributing and marketing, trading, power generation, refining, and petrochemicals (Bp.com, 2014). The company is further engaged in production of renewable sources of energy that include wind power and biofuels. The company boasts of intense operations in slightly more than eighty countries across the globe with a production of more than three million barrels daily with estimated reserves of approximately seventeen billion barrels. The company has approximately twenty thousand seven hundred service stations globally with its largest front in America. The company’s success in financial terms is broad with notable investments in Rosneft, its listing in the â€Å"London Stock Exchange (LSE),† and it is a member of the â€Å"FTSE 10 index† (Bp.com, 2014). The company has a high market capitalization in the London Stock Exchange, which is approximately worth eighty five billion pounds with secondary listings in the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) and Frankfurt Stock Exchange (FSE) (Bp.com, 2014). The company began its production efforts under the tag British Petroleum in the Middle East from early 1954 (Franck & Huyghebaert, 2004). It is regarded as the first oil company to find exploits in North Sea. The company has undergone different transformations and challenges along the years in terms of changes in ownership to oil related disasters that have contributed to its success and loss of revenue. BP operates under different product lines with unlimited opportunities for growth. These products include Air BP, BP Target Neutral, BP Franchising, Fuelling cards, Asphalt and Bitumen, BP Biofuels, Motor lubricants and oil, Petrol/gas station locator, Gas/Petrol stations, Industrial lubricants, Liquefied Natural Gas, Gas and power energy, BP Crudes, NGL, MSDS, BP shipping, Petrochemicals, Marine Fuels, and Lubricants (Bp.com, 2014). Air BP deals with a variety of

General Mill Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

General Mill - Essay Example Besides that, the company has its joint ventures manufacturing and marketing products in over 130 countries in addition to republics globally. Its operations are categorized into three- Foodservice and baking, International- excludes their partnership with Japan and Cereal Partners Worldwide, CPW and U.S Retail- consisting of seven divisions of the branded retail products; its joint venture with CPW sees them selling ready-to-eat cereals. Overview Recently, the Company made an acquirement of a natural snacks food corporation known as Food Should Taste Good that is located within Needham Heights. Happening within the same year, 2012, "the Company acquired a 50% interest and a 51% interest in Yoplait Marques S.A.S and Yoplait S.A.S. respectively, and later on, during August, it obtained Yoki Alimentos SA" (Reuters, n.d). Following its mission ‘Nourishing Lives’, the Company has its healthy snacks brands such as Nature Valley bars and Yoplait dairy products still having a l arge consumer base worldwide. Most notable is its Gold Medal flour that, till today, has remained the number one selling flour in the United States. The Company also participates in philanthropic efforts through its General Mills Foundation, where "more than half a million dollars has been awarded to nonprofit organizations supporting local communities since 1954" (General Mills -foundation, n.d). Furthermore, it has remained consistent in paying dividends to its investors. Coming after the Kellog Company, General Mills is the number two cereals maker in America, in terms of size. General Mills employs an estimated 35,000 employees across its network in Asia Pacific, Europe, Canada, Latin America and South Africa, its manufacturing companies are situated in beyond 30 countries. Products The Company can be said to have had great success because of its consumer-relating brands on all its products. Other than the Gold Medal flour, its breakfast products fetch a considerable consumer ba se and they include "Cheerios, Lucky Charms, Chex, Wheaties and Trix" (General mills- cereals n.d). The lineup continues on with baking mixes under the name Betty Crocker, frozen bread called Pilsbury and yoghurt called Yoplait and Colombo, the Company also makes vegetables that are frozen and preserved named Green Giant, Progresso soups and Mexican seasonings. General Mills has a natural as well as organic products venture named Small Planet Foods that is responsible for marketing Cascadian Farm vegetables plus Muir Glen soups. In addition, it has a joint venture with 8th venture for marketing and selling soy-based products; where that company has a 50-50 partnership with Dupont. Operations Owing to the fact that General Mills’ has a diverse product range where each may have similar or different specifications, the company took up professional IT services from a Management Information Systems company to design a feature in their product specifications system. This feature wo uld make it possible to conduct mass changes and undo designs of the products. The designing entailed rigorous testing with employees from its U.S and abroad operations also participating. This helped the Company to save time and minimize errors and subsequently, maintain consistent levels of quality in their products, their packaging and delivery to various parts of the world; while at the same time adhering to strict regulations. The system has the added advantage of allowing the Company to make more than 10,000 modifications

Bisexuality Politicised Essay Example for Free

Bisexuality Politicised Essay This paper asks the question how can bisexuality be or become a danger to the dominant sexual script which I problematise as produced racism, sexism, homophobia, and monosexism. That this brand of heterosexuality occupies 99% of our cultural space in entertainment, education, history and public expression and is considered inevitable and unchallengable for 90% of peoples relationships is, I will argue, the victory of white patriarchal science. I intend to show the nature of this victory and imagine what counter struggle and victories might emerge from the site of my bisexuality. The Historical role of Biphopia- Policing the Treaty. Underpinning this paper is the belief in that many if not all heterosexual identifying people can be bisexual and that the majority are to some extent not privately monosexual. The majority status of bisexuality does not make it normal nor ideal however I mention it because it is important to realise that the invisibility of bisexuality requires extraordinary effort to maintain and it’s repression occurs against all people not just a few â€Å"natural† bisexuals. To understand the historical role that biphobia has played and the historical position of bisexuality it is necessary to recognise homosexuality as a creation of western patriarchal and homophobic medical science. Women have always loved women and men have always loved men but the classification of these experiences as a sexuality with little or no element of choice and a biological or individual psychological basis was given currency in the 19th century by a professional class that feared same sex desire. Their construction of homosexuality shaped and informs Western cultural understanding of sexuality â€Å"not in the first place because of its meaningfulness to those whom it defines but because of its indispensableness to those who define themselves against it. † (Segal, L. p145) for it was and is needed â€Å"not only for the persecutory regulation of a nascent minority of distinctly homosexual men (and women) but also for the regulation of the male (and female) homosocial bonds that structure all culture at any rate all public or heterosexual culture. † (Eve Sedgewick in Segal, L. pp194-5) Early psychoanalytic texts were quite explicit that the project was to police all male and female relationships warning â€Å"teachers and parents not to take too lightly friendships among girls which become passionate† and society to â€Å"be more concerned with the degree of heterosexuality or homosexuality in an individual than they are with the question of whether he has ever had an experience of either sort†. â€Å"The real danger from homosexuality† was seen to lie â€Å"not in actual sex association but in homosexual attitudes towards life† such as the negative attitudes of â€Å"thousands of women toward men, marriage and family life† influenced by â€Å"latent homosexuality† for â€Å"neurotic attitudes about love and marriage can prove contagious. † (Caprio, F. pp 6 -11) Generally, prior to this the western world had relied on Christianity to dictate the terms of sexuality. Whether sexual attraction was â€Å"natural† was no defence under a regime which tended to view â€Å"natural† sexual desires as needing control from a religious authority. The medical establishment faced the dilemma of replacing religious authorities without having any utilitarian basis for the repression of same sex desire. The construction of homosexuality as a distinct condition was to define normality as exclusive heterosexuality. In fact heterosexuality was simply the condition of being human. Sexual behaviour became a product of a persons condition; the â€Å"human condition† producing normal heterosexual behaviour. There was now no need for a religious justification for preferencing the heterosexual over the homosexual because behaviour was not a matter of choice but a matter of whether or not you were ill; Well or sane people simply didn’t want to have sex with people of their own gender. This was presented as a more humane response to homosexuality than religious condemnation or incarceration. Psychiatrists often called themselves compassionate as they argued for an adoption of â€Å"scientific† curative responses to homosexuality. (Caprio, F, p. xi) The majority gay and lesbian movement accepted the shifting of sexuality into an area for science and have embraced the notion of a biological basis or early psychological basis for sexuality. Their fight has largely been for homosexuality to be treated as incurable and it follows natural and equally valid alternative to heterosexuality, jettisoning any agenda to argue that is better. Only a minority have argued that homosexuality is a political choice and an option for everyone. With both sides ceasing hostilities1, when homosexuality was delisted as a mental illness in 1973 (Altman,D. ,p5), institutionalised heterosexuality and gays and lesbians overt interests have moved to coincide. Victories to normalise homosexuality also normalise heterosexualitys dominance by depoliticising sexuality in general. In 1993 when a homosexuality gene was â€Å"discovered† a genetic basis for the majority status of heterosexuality was created though not declared. Anyone who would argue that the commonality of heterosexuality might have something to do with social programming and institutional support can now be said to be messing with nature. The proud bisexual threatens this peaceful coexistence of the heterosexual majority and homosexual minority. Recognition of our bisexuality requires a validation of our sexual relationships with people of our own gender based on choice rather than the agreed legitimate biological basis. Such choice may be personal or circumstantial but also political or moral. Normalising bisexuality with a biological cause won’t defuse it’s threat though it could contain it if it relegates us to a fixed minority status. Society still has to reckon with why we choose to validate relationships with people of our own gender by identifying as bisexual. We reopen old debates that many who have found safety in a biological basis for their monosexual identity want to keep closed. (I will revisit this fear in the last section, Bisexuality and the Future when I discuss Bi supremacy. ) A bisexual identity simply has to be defined as confused or an exception to the rule. Individuals have to be pressured to fit themselves into one or the other category. In a secular society without moral taboos people can’t be allowed to entertain the idea that their partners gender is political. Also, understandably gays and lesbians know those moral taboos still hold significant power so many still see their best option as policing the treaty based on the attribution of their sexuality to a biological or psychological cause. Bisexuality and identification Withdrawing our support for the status quo. The bisexual identifying person is not predominantly someone who feels attraction equally to both genders or without any reference to gender2 and in terms of actual sexual or emotional experience the majority could be classified as predominantly homosexual or heterosexual. â€Å"Why then, don’t you call yourself gay or straight? † is the inevitable response to this confession. And confession it feels like because to indicate a â€Å"leaning† puts at risk the validity given to a bisexual identity within contemporary discourse. Sexual expression is usually presented as representative of something innate rather than a mediation between a person and their world. Consequently the woman who says she usually finds women easier to make emotional connections with is seen to be describing her â€Å"innate† difficulty emotionally connecting with men rather than her experience of men and their culture. Asserting a bisexual identity in the face of this invalidation is about contextualising sexual responses rather than finding invisible internal reasons for them. A bisexual identity in the above circumstance keeps open the possibility that a preference for emotional relationships with women could change if men and male culture changed. Alternatively a preference for sex with men might be attributable to homophobia. (Weinberg, M. S. , p221) The reasons for choices are not always positive ones but the possibility for counter argument exists. Holding onto a bisexual identification based on potentiality, rejects the conservatism of describing reality by the status quo. However a bisexual identity is also partially an attempt to accurately relate personal history as well and this too has a radical power. Most monosexual identifications represent people only by concealing some bisexuality. By identifying as bisexual a person accepts and celebrates those aspects of their life that are inconsistent with a monosexual identity. The power of metanarratives within modernism, including descriptions of sexuality, relies on such inconsistencies being deemed insignificant. Hence a public bisexual identity is a confrontation of generalist theories with lived experience. If people promote such a solidarity with their experiences and the people who compose them that is greater than any to a proposed theory then expounders of metanarratives (including myself) will lose power. Our authority to dictate â€Å"from above† will be replaced by a decentralised authority based on being â€Å"up close† to our own reality. Bisexuality and other oppressions. Sexuality forms alliances across genders, ethnicities, and classes so any bisexual movement which fails to take gender, race or class issues into account poses a real danger of obscuring differences and concealing oppression. (This is also true for a multiplicity of issues such as disability or mental illness). My discussion of bisexuality and other basis for oppression are not intended to present bisexual identification as the panacea of the worlds ills. Social change must be inspired by a diversity of experience and informed by a range of critiques. Given the above it is presumptious for me as a half-wog male to seek to resolve ongoing debates about a bisexual political agenda among feminist women or debates among black women and men on how to connect bi pride with anti-racism. To do so would be to pretend that I can speak from only my bisexuality and abandon any white, male perspctive. As a long term unemployed person I believe I can speak on class issues from the inside to some extent but also still acknowledge the privelage of my university education. This is not to say that I think that sexism is a womens issue or that the responsibility for opposing racism is solely non-whites. Nor am I comfortable being accountable to lesbian or straight feminists on the issue of bisexual profeminism or placing beyond reproach the homophobia of some black liberationist theorists like Eldrige Cleaver. What to speak on and when in regard to a radical bisexualitys’ impact on patriarchal, white supremist and class oppresion is best defined as problematic. As a simple way out I hope to show how I see a politicised bisexuality contributes to my pro-feminism, anti-racism and support for class struggles. It is my hope that this will have relevance for a wider audience. Radical Bisexuality and Pro-feminism. Judith Butler states that â€Å"the heterosexualisation of desire requires and institutes the production of discrete and assymetrical oppositions between â€Å"feminine† and â€Å"masculine† identities. † (Segal, L. p190) Monique Wittig goes further to argue that a woman’s place in heterosexuality is a class of oppression and that the lesbian escapes her class position. (Wittig, M, p. 47) I agree that â€Å"hetero†-sexuality (literally a sexuality based on opposites) reproduces and supports womens oppression in other spheres by creating a binary gender system. Men need to realise that their love for women is problematic when it is that â€Å"love† of the â€Å"feminine identity† that belongs to this sytem. This is the attraction for the other and requires women’s difference to be exaggerated and emphasised. These exaggerations shape women as not-men while we men shape ourselves and are shaped into embodiments of the ideal. The seeming irony of male heterosexuality where women are objects of love being consistent with misoginy where women are objects of hate makes perfect sense through the operation of oppositional heterosexuality precisely because the love requires women to be less than men. A love that does not require partners to be different than ourselves is not possible within exclusive heterosexuality because it fails to provide the argument to repress same sex desire. It is necessary for heterosexual men to confront their homophobia which demands they repress or invalidate their same sex desire before they can love their female partners as their â€Å"own kind† and not another species. An additional benifit to patriarchy of discrete gender identities that is liable to be lost when men reject oppositional heterosexuality is the regulation of male social interaction. The arguments to exclude gay men from the military reveal the mindset deemed necessary to produce a war machine; â€Å"We are asking men in combat to do an essentially irrational thing put themselves in a position where they are likely to get killed One of the few ways to persuade men to do that is to appeal to their masculinity You cannot have an adrogynous military The idea that fighting is a masculine trait runs deep. As a cultural trait it predates any written history. It may even be a genitic trait Just think what it would mean to demasculinize combat. The effect on combat effectiveness might be catastrophic. † Charles Moskos, Military Socioligist quoted in Colonel R. D. Ray, Military Necessity and Homosexuality (Gays:In or Out, p63) It is regrettable that non-heterosexual men and many women are proving they too can make excellent soldiers. 3 However the above quote exaggerates a fact that male â€Å"buddy† relationships are relied on by the military and that this requires a repression of same sex desire. This is because same sex desire is preferential it is not a love of all men equally but of a few and potentially for a time. The same-sex loyalty that is demanded by patriarchy including it’s military needs the stability of exclusive heterosexuality; â€Å".. the recognition of homosexuality is a threat to that peculiar combination of male camaraderie and hierachy on which most organisations depend; sexual desire is too anarchic, too disrespectful of established boundaries to be trusted. † (Altman, D. p63) Unravelling their heterosexuality is not the most important thing men must do to support feminism however it is a legitimate part of this support for â€Å"it is the repressed recognition of this fact (that everyone can be homosexual) that does much to fuel homophobia, but equally acts so as to promote male bonding and certain crucial authority structures. † (Altman D. ,p XI) Radical Bisexuality and Racism. The construction of homosexuality as a â€Å"natural† difference from the heterosexual norm shares and competes for the same conceptual space as constructions of race as biological differences from the white norm. This is particularly true because the hetrosexual ideal is represented as white with the sexuality of non-whites traditionally seen as untamed, violent, promiscuous or otherwise deviant even if heterosexual. Non-whites are considered only ever partly heterosexual while white queers are considered not proper whites. The competition for the limited conceptual space has led to historical difficulites in linking white supremacy with heterosexism (exacerbated by white queer activists own racial interests) and in fact has unwittingly linked Gay Power with white power. â€Å"Homosexuality as a race† has developed into a gay and lesbian ethnicity. For whites under racism where their whiteness is considered the norm and thus unnamed, this ethnicity is their only ethnicity, the lesbian/gay â€Å"language† their only language, and lesbian/gay history their only history, to the point that it is not seen as a difference within whiteness but a difference from whiteness. (Blasingame, p52) While we (white queers) are unconscious of our whiteness queer cultural politics consequently becomes a way of colonising non-white cultures with a new white culture, white leaders and white history in a particularly insidious way. While not as powerful as heterosexual institutions for people wanting to be publicly non-heterosexual we have considerable power; in the framing of beauty along racist lines, in the support of white non-heterosexual bourgeoius or political leaders and in the very conceptualisation of sexuality. As one example Brenda Marie Blasingame in Bisexuality and Feminism speaks of a history of sexuality in U. S. black communities which did not include placing people in particular â€Å"boxes† and accepted the practice of bisexuality. A part of moving into the white gay and lesbian movement for her was the requirement to come out as a specific sexuality and accept the marginalisation of bisexuals. For many people who are not white taking up a gay or lesbian and to a different extent bisexual identity requires an abandonment of their own ethnic politcal identity or view. (Blasingame, pp. 51 53) The common conceptual space of non-heterosexual and non-white however can and should however produce queer anti-racism provided white queers realise that this conception of their sexuality is wrong. There is a shared interest in anti-racism and anti-heterosexism in critiqing normalcy and naturalness. As only one example the construction of beauty posits that naturally â€Å"Gentlemen prefer Blondes†. Not only is this sexist for reducing women to a hair colour (and the Blonde is meant to be read as a woman) but it is heterosexist and clearly as racist as â€Å"Gentlemen prefer whites† when Blonde is only a white persons natural hair colour. When we politicise our sexuality we can open up not only the arguments against heterosexual dominance but the arguments against the sexual sterotypes of non-whites including the framing of Asian men as â€Å"young girls† represented in this regrettable quote from the 70’s magazine Gay Power; â€Å"I dig beautiful oriental men. Asking me to shoot at them is the same thing as asking heterosexual soldiers to shoot at beautiful young girls that they would like to fuck. † (Teal, D. p99) Radical Bisexuality and Class. It is worth noting that capitalism which I understand as the continual oppression of the poor that patriarchy is for women is no longer wedded to heterosexuality in Western affluent nations as it has been in the past. This is because Western nations are primarily consumer societies of fairly easily produced goods (easily because their production is either located in the Third World or in the Quattro Monde the world of the Western underclass or because their production is automated). Western capitalism can therefore relax the â€Å"restraint and repression† which was necessary to both control factory floors and ensure a ready supply of human capital through reproduction. (Altman D, p90) Part of this is also due to unemployment and global capital mobility being sufficient to obtain cheap labour and another contributing factor has been Western women raising their education so they are more useful in employment than at home. Also marriage was the institution by which women were given the role of providing a whole range of services capitalism wouldn’t such as aged care and child raising as well as supporting adult men. Now many of these services are provided by profitable private institutions so traditional marriages are actually in competition with capitalism. Of course the worlds poor can’t afford these services and Thirld World countries remain supportive of compulsory heterosexuality (Altman, D, p90) but in the Western consumer-capitalism there is a an interest to increase consumption through the market of previous services fulfilled by women’s unpaid labour. In order to perpetuate consumption growth capitalism must also locate new disatisfactions like teenage angst, at an alarming rate while also offering at a price their answer. In this context gay, lesbian and even bisexual identities as well as transgenderism, S+M and fetish celebrations are eagerly embraced by many industries as the basis for new markets. Our anxiety for recognition, meaning, ceremony and a positive celebration of our sexuality are easily exploitable. â€Å" one of the possible negative side-effects of the popularity of lesbian chic was that it codes lesbianism as merely a kind of fashion statement, something that requires certain consumer goods to mark the individual as lesbian. † (Newitz Sandell) Bisexuals have to be mindful that while we seek recognition, capitalism is looking for new markets and while these interests coincide this will only be true for those of us who can afford it and it will be on the backs of the world’s poor involved in the production of our new consumerables and bearing the greatest brunt of the waste from our new consumption. One positive way to resist becoming merely another market is by applying the awareness of the political nature of sexual desire to the desire for consumer goods and services. Both desires are constructed to serve particular interests and not fundamentally our own. Through working to ensure that all of our desire works for liberation we will resist commodification as we achieve recognition. Bisexuality and the Future To outline what I see as the goal of Radical Bisexuality I will illustrate two scenarios depicting false victories and one which I believe genuinely opens up the greatest possibility for liberation. Scenario 1. Recognition of bisexuality as a third alternative way that people unchangably are. To some extent as I have said earlier this can’t overcome the capacity of bisexuals to fit in as straight and thus can’t conceal the choice to embrace the homosexuality within the heterosexual that they represent. However there are arguments that could be presented that bisexuals have to express their same sex desire or become depressed (â€Å"go mad†). These arguments could form the basis of depoliticising and medicalising bisexuality as has been done with homosexuality. This may make bisexual lives easier to defend and add to the options for young people but relegates bisexuals to the same minority status as is currently given to gays and lesbians. Most people who admit to loving their own gender in straight society would face the same oppression bisexuals now face as â€Å"heterosexual experimenters† and recruitment of the majority would be difficult as they would remain â€Å"true† heterosexuals as unable to change as â€Å"true† bisexuals or gays and lesbians. Further it could also trade the oppression that is invisibility for bisexuals with the oppression that is hyper-visibility for straight men and women, and increasingly gays and lesbians. Having recognised sexuality’s repression but not it’s production we will be easily exploitable by capitalism and our liberation may mean as being as marketed to and ritutalised as heterosexuality. Scenario 2. Bisexuality is considered the only natural sexuality which equates it with the only right sexuality. Heterosexuality would be patholigised along with homosexuality as both are considered to have unnatural â€Å"blocks† to loving one or the other gender. This is Bisexual Supremacy which I acknowledge as a justification for gays and lesbians to distrust bisexuals. While it is unlikely to be widely accepted it is possible that it could dominate queer spaces as a pocket of resistance to heterosexual dominance in the same way as celebrations of gay and lesbian purity have. It is certainly more likely to be targetted at lesbians and gays than straights and while this is the fault of heterosexism’s power, not my own, it must be refuted. This is not to say that politicising sexuality will not require some gay men in particular to reassess their rhetoric. Mysoginistic comments which denegrate women’s bodies deserve political criticism and can’t be assured the right to be accepted. However the wider charge of institutionalising the sexual oppression of women and supporting male social bonding can’t be levelled at male homosexuality and certainly not at lesbianism. Indeed at certain points in the struggle against institutionalised oppression different sexual identifications and choices will be appropriate. Because bisexuality is as deliberate a sexuality choice as any other and not a submission to some biological imperative (and even if it were I reject the claim that naturalness equals rightness) we can’t claim an non-contextual ideal status. Its political usefulness is only that of any tactic relative both to the circumstances and to the person, meaning that for some and at some times other sexual choices and identifications are more appropriate. Bisexual supremacy also prioritises the effort to be bisexual over other efforts to unravel heterosexist, patriarchal and racist programming. I have already stressed the need for a variety of critiques of power to inform social change which Bisexual supremacy ignores. In particular men in relationships with women need to realise that doing their share of the housework is far more meaningful than maintaining or developing their capacity to love other men. Scenario 3. The Dream. Realising our sexualities are scripted will hopefully prompt redrafts along feminist, anti-racist and anti-capitalist lines. No-one should be the sole author of this project even with their own sexuality as we all need to listen to the perspectives our privelages rob us off. Certainly a part of this will be a dialogue between political lesbians, bisexuals and straight women which already has a history and whose future I don’t want to conclude. Consequently my dream is vague. What I don’t see in this future is the fetishisation of wealth, whiteness or gendered difference. Women in relationships with men will recieve support and encouragement as full humans. Advertisers will be incapable of capturing our consumption with snake oil as we demand economic production satisfy new needs that we create, for justice and community. Pleasure including sexual pleasure will mean enjoying our values not forgetting them. Bisexuality like other sexualities will have to argue it’s political legitimacy but not it’s existance. Sexual identifications such as â€Å"Confused† may replace bisexual for many if it is recognises more of their personal truth and political terms like Anti-racist may be key elements of sexual identification. Radical bisexuality wont end all struggles but the raw energy of sexuality will be accountable to and in the employ of the great project of improving the world . Bibliography Altman, Dennis, The Homosexualisation of America, The Americanization of the Homosexual, St. Martins Press, New York, 1982 Sedgewick, E. K. , How to Bring Your Kids Up Gay, pp. 69 81, Fear of a Queer Planet : Queer Politics and Social Theory, Warner,M. (Editor), University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis, 1993 Segal, Lynne, Straight Sex: Rethinking the Politics of Pleasure, University of California Press, U. S. A. , 1994. Foucalt, Michel, The History of Sexuality, Volume 1:An Introduction, Allen Lane, London, 1978 Newitz, A. and J. Sandell,â€Å"Bisexuality And How To Use It: Toward a Coalitional Identity Politics†, Bad Subjects, Issue # 16, October 1994 Caprio, F. S. M. D. Female Homosexuality:A Psychodynamic study of Lesbianism, The Citadel Press, New York, 1954 Weinberg,M. S. , C. J. Williams, D. W. Pryor, Dual Attraction: Understanding Bisexuality, Oxford University Press, Inc. , New York, 1994 Blasingame, B. M. , â€Å"The Roots of Biphobia: Internalised Racism and Internalised Heterosexism† in Closer to Home: Bisexuality and Feminism, Edited by E. R. Wise, Seal Press, U. S. A. , 1992 Colonel R. D. Ray, Military Necessity and Homosexuality , reprinted in Gays:In or Out: The U. S. Military Homosexuals A Source book, Brassey’s, March 1993. Teal D. , The Gay Militants, Stein and Day Publishers, New York, 1971. Wittig, M. , The Straight Mind and Other Essays, Beacon Press. Boston, 1992 Descriptors for Sexual Minorities †¢ Front Page †¢ What is h2g2? †¢ Whos Online †¢ Write an Entry †¢ Browse †¢ Announcements †¢ Feedback †¢ h2g2 Help †¢ RSS Feeds Contact Us Like this page? Send it to a friend! Descriptors for Sexual Minorities | Asexuality | Homosexuality Heterosexuality | Bisexuality | Polyamory | The Kinsey Scale | The Gender Pronoun Game | Coming Out Embarrassing Questions About Sexual Orientation | Going Back In Sexuality U-turns Modern culture has developed a number of terms and symbols to set apart its sexual minorities. Some of these originated within the different communities themselves. Others evolved from scientists, psychologists, legislators, and newspaper reporters trying to describe their gay, bisexual, transsexual, and polyamorous subjects. Many include obscure references to history that go largely unrecognized. Words Lesbian The word lesbian comes from the Greek island Lesbos, where the poet Sappho lived in 600 BC. Sappho wrote numerous poems about her female love, most of which were destroyed by religious fanatics during the Middle Ages. While the first usage of the word lesbian is unknown, it was used in several academic books as early as 1880. The word became more popular during the 20th Century, especially during the feminist era. The term lesbian separatist was commonly used to distinguish feminists who wished to avoid the company of men altogether. Fag, Faggot, Fag Hag Fag and faggot are American insults for gay men. The term faggot first started being used in this way in around 1914, but it is not clear where the word came from. A faggot is a bundle of sticks, used for firewood and tied up for carrying around. In the 16th century it was used as an insulting term for a useless old woman as something that weighs you down, in the same way that baggage is sometimes used nowadays. But its quite a jump from 1592 to 1914 with nothing recorded in between. Gay men in the latter half of the 20th Century began using the term fag hag to refer to straight women who frequently gather at gay establishments, partly as an insult and partly because of the rhyme. Dyke Contrary to popular belief, the origin of the insult dyke1, in reference to lesbians, has nothing to do with waterways or canals. The word first appeared in 1710 in British newspaper stories about presumed homosexuals Anne Bonny and Mary Reed. The two women captained a very successful pirate venture and completed several lucrative raids of the British Empire before agreeing to be interviewed. Reporters often noted their predilection for wearing mens clothing, and one editorial avoided the unpleasant connotations of cross dressing by using a French word which refers to mens clothing, dike. Over the years, this term was corrupted to the modern form dyke. Since then, general misunderstanding about the terms origins have inspired many stand-up comedy routines and bad puns. Polyamory, Polygamy, Monogamy The prefix poly- means many, while mono means one. The suffix gamy was originally from the French word for marriage, but has since been misunderstood as referring to sex. These terms refer to the number of consensual romantic partners taken by each adult in a family. Of course, the suffix amory refers to love. Polyamory is a relatively new term coined by modern practitioners, and is greatly preferred by them. Polygamy and the now defunct term bigamy were coined as early as 1800, as the practice of multiple marriages was outlawed in most Western nations. The state of Utah in the USA applied for Statehood three times before finally accepting an injunction against the polygamy practised at that time by the Mormon church. Polygamy is commonly understood as referring to heterosexual relationships where the man has multiple partners. However, with modern polyamory any combination of genders and orientations fulfills the definition. It is not necessary for all parties in a polyamorous relationship to be involved each with the other. Gay During the 1800s and early 1900s, gay was simply a state of jubilant happiness. However, during the late 1800s gay was sometimes used to describe prostitutes in much the same way that the phrase happy hookers is used today. One theory is that gay came into use to describe homosexual men because of the rise in numbers of male prostitutes during the 1900s. Another theory is that gay was